中国科学技术指标2018（英文）

This book is the 14th volume of the biennially-released China Science and Technology 

Indicators, i. e. the Yellow Book on Science and Technology, published by the Ministry of 

Science and Technology of China. Based on national S&T statistics and relevant economic 

and social statistics, this book presents a systematic analysis of China’s S&T development 

on the basic dimensions, including S&T human resources, R&D expenditure, S&T output, 

S&T activity of main sectors of performance (enterprises, higher education institutions and 

government research institutions), high-technology industry, regional S&T progress, scale and 

structure of S&T development, and public understanding of and attitudes towards science and 

technology, capturing the main characteristics of China’s S&T activity. With an abundance of 

extensively collected data and information about China’s current S&T situation, S&T strength 

and level, and trends of S&T development, it serves as a reliable guide and helpful resource for 

macro-level management and decision-making and may be consulted and referred to by S&T 

departments, S&T workers and higher education teachers and students in related fields. 

CONTENTS

Overview 1

Chapter 1　Human Resources in Science and Technology 15

Section 1　Overview of Human Resources in Science and Technology 15

Section 2　R&D Personnel 16

Section 3　Cultivation of Human Resources in Science and Technology 21

Chapter 2　Research and Development Expenditure 27

Section 1　Overview of R&D Expenditure 27

Section 2　Structure of R&D Expenditure 31

Section 3　Sources and Destinations of R&D Funds 35

Section 4　Government Science and Technology Expenditure 37

Chapter 3　Output of Science and Technology Activity 40

Section 1　S&T Papers 40

Section 2　Patents 50

Section 3　Domestic Technology Transfer 59

Chapter 4　Research and Development Activity and Innovation of Enterprises 64

Section 1　R&D Activity of Enterprises 64

Section 2　R&D Activity of Industrial Enterprises 68

Section 3　R&D Collaboration and Technology Acquisition of Industrial Enterprises 78

Chapter 5　Science and Technology Activity of Higher Education Institutions 84

Section 1　Overview of Higher Education Institutions 84

Section 2　R&D Organizations and Personnel in Higher Education Institutions 87

Section 3　R&D Expenditure of Higher Education Institutions 90

Section 4　Higher Education R&D Output and Transformation 95

Chapter 6　Science and Technology Activity of Government Research Institutes 100

Section 1　Overview of Government Research Institutes 100

Section 2　R&D Personnel 102

Section 3　R&D Expenditure of Research Institutes 105

Section 4　Output and Achievement Transfer of S&T Activity 112

Chapter 7　Development of High-technology Industry 118

Section 1　High-technology Industry 118

Section 2　High-technology Products 124

Section 3　National High-technology Industrial Development Zones 127

Section 4　Venture Capital 132

Chapter 8　Regional Science and Technology Indicators 137

Annex Tables 148

Annex Table 1-1　Overview of China’s HRST stock (2006-2017) 148

Annex Table 1-2　R&D personnel of selected countries (regions) 150

Annex Table 1-3　 R&D personnel of selected countries (regions) by sector of 

　　　　　　　　performance 151

Annex Table 1-4　Number of undergraduate and postgraduate students (2005-2017) 152

Annex Table 1-5　Number of Chinese students studying abroad and returning home 

　　　　　　　　from overseas (1990-2017) 153

Annex Table 2-1　R&D expenditure (2000-2017) 154

Annex Table 2-2　Distribution of R&D expenditure by type of activity and sector

　　　　　　　　of performance (2000-2017) 155

Annex Table 2-3　Structure of R&D expenditure by sector of performance (2017) 156

Annex Table 2-4　Central and local government S&T expenditures and their proportions 

　　　　　　　　(2000-2017) 157

Annex Table 2-5　R&D expenditure of selected countries (regions) (2005-2017) 158

Annex Table 2-6　R&D intensity of selected countries (regions) (2005-2017) 159

Annex Table 2-7　R&D expenditure of selected countries (regions) by source of funding 

　　　　　　　　and sector of performance (2017) 161

Annex Table 2-8　R&D expenditure of selected countries (regions) by type of R&D 

　　　　　　　　activity 162

Annex Table 2-9　R&D expenditure of selected countries by type of expenditure 163

Annex Table 3-1　Number of SCI-indexed Chinese papers (2005-2017) 164

Annex Table 3-2　Number of Chinese SCI papers by discipline and type of institution 

　　　　　　　　(2005-2017) 165

Annex Table 3-3　China’s efficiency of R&D expenditure and R&D personnel by 

　　　　　　　 output of SCI papers (2000-2015) 165

Annex Table 3-4　Number of resident and non-resident patent applications and grants by 

　　　　　　　　type (2005-2017) 166

Annex Table 3-5　Number of non-resident invention patent applications by country 

　　　　　　　　(2005-2017) 168

Annex Table 3-6　Number of non-resident invention patent grants by country

　　　　　　　 (2005-2017) 169

Annex Table 3-7　Resident service and non-service invention patent grants (2005-2017) 170

Annex Table 3-8　Number of resident and non-resident patents in force by type 

　　　　　　　　(2006-2017) 170

Annex Table 3-9　Number of PCT applications by country (2005-2017) 172

Annex Table 3-10　Number of triadic patent families by country (2005-2016) 173

Annex Table 3-11　Turnover of national technology market contracts (2007-2017) 174

Annex Table 3-12　National technology market contracts (2017) 175

Annex Table 4-1　Enterprise R&D personnel and R&D expenditure (2000-2017) 176

Annex Table 4-2　Sources and composition of enterprise R&D expenditure 

　　　　　　　　(2010-2017) 177

Annex Table 4-3　Enterprise intramural R&D expenditure (2004-2017) 178

Annex Table 4-4　R&D intensity of industrial enterprises (2004-2017) 178

Annex Table 4-5　Experimental development expenditure of industrial enterprises and as 

　　　　　　　　a percentage of R&D expenditure (2004-2017) 179

Annex Table 4-6　Industrial enterprise intramural R&D expenditure by industry (2017) 179

Annex Table 4-7　Extramural R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises by industry 

　　　　　　　　(2017) 181

Annex Table 4-8　Collaborative R&D projects of industrial enterprises by partner type 

　　　　　　　　(2017) 183

Annex Table 4-9　Expenditure on technology acquisition of industrial enterprises 

　　　　　　　　(2000-2017) 183

Annex Table 5-1　R&D activity of regular HEIs (2005-2017) 184

Annex Table 5-2　Higher education R&D expenditure of selected countries (2017) 185

Annex Table 5-3　Ratio of higher education R&D expenditure to GDP of selected 

　　　　　　　　countries (2005-2017) 186

Annex Table 5-4　Higher education papers, patents and technology market contracts 

　　　　　　　　(2005-2017) 186

Annex Table 6-1　Number of research institutes (2005-2017) 187

Annex Table 6-2　Personnel of research institutes (2005-2017) 188

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