虚拟现实（VR）影像拍摄与制作

本书以对虚拟现实的制作技术感兴趣人员为对象，力求做到概念精准、语言通俗、案例丰富。在内容的编排上，分为虚拟现实影像概论、虚拟现实影像前期拍摄、虚拟现实影像后期编辑、虚拟现实影像特效制作、虚拟现实影像监看与预览等5个章节。

  田丰，上海大学上海电影学院副教授，博士研究生导师，讲授《数字图像处理》等课程。主持国家社科基金艺术学一般项目、国家艺术基金传播交流推广项目、上海市科委项目和上海市经信委项目多项。2018年作为导演完成“VR头显的人眼视觉矫正”科普短视频的策划、编写、创作，并在东方明珠移动电视上累计放映80分钟。

第1章　VR影像概论 .....................................................................1

1.1　VR技术的概念和组成 .............................................................1

1.2　VR影像的发展历程 ...............................................................2

1.3　VR系统的分类 ...................................................................2

 1.3.1　桌面式VR系统 .....................................................................2

 1.3.2　沉浸式VR系统 .....................................................................3

 1.3.3　增强式VR系统 .....................................................................3

 1.3.4　分布式VR系统 .....................................................................4

1.4　VR影像的特性 ...................................................................4

 1.4.1　交互性 ...........................................................................5

 1.4.2　沉浸感 ...........................................................................5

 1.4.3　想象力 ...........................................................................5

1.5　VR技术在电影领域应用现状 .......................................................6

 1.5.1　VR电影 ...........................................................................6

 1.5.2　VR宣传片 .........................................................................6

 1.5.3　VR纪录片 .........................................................................7

第2章　VR影像前期拍摄 ..................................................................8

2.1　VR影像拍摄理论基础 ..................................................................8

2.2　VR拍摄相关硬件 ......................................................................10

第3章　VR影像后期编辑 ..................................................................12

3.1　VR影像编辑理论基础 ...................................................................12

 3.1.1　线性编辑与非线性编辑 .................................................................13

 3.1.2　视频制式概述 .........................................................................13

 3.1.3　隔行扫描和逐行扫描 ...................................................................13

 3.1.4　分辨率 ...............................................................................14

 3.1.5　帧速率 ...............................................................................14

 3.1.6　时码 .................................................................................14

 3.1.7　蒙太奇的镜头组接 .....................................................................14

3.2　VR影像编辑软件 .......................................................................15

 3.2.1　Premiere Pro CC工作界面介绍 ..........................................................15

 3.2.2　Premiere Pro CC的系统要求 ............................................................26

3.3　VR影像项目管理与基本操作 .............................................................27

 3.3.1　项目文件操作 ...............................................................................27

 3.3.2　导入视频素材 ...............................................................................31

 3.3.3　插入与覆盖素材 ........................................................................34

 3.3.4　管理素材文件 ...................................................................................38

 3.3.5　设置标记点 .......................................................................................40

 3.3.6　三点与四点编辑 ...............................................................................43

 3.3.7　时间线编辑 .......................................................................................47

 3.3.8　滚动与滑动编辑 ...............................................................................50

 3.3.9　链接和替换素材 ...............................................................................53

 3.3.10　素材调速 .........................................................................................57

 3.3.11　预览和输出影片 ..............................................................................61

3.4　镜头组接技术与技巧 .........................................................................63

 3.4.1　插入VR转场效果 .......................................................................................64

 3.4.2　交叉溶解 ........................................................................................64

 3.4.3　叠加溶解 ........................................................................................68

 3.4.4　渐隐过渡 ........................................................................................71

 3.4.5　胶片溶解 ........................................................................................76

 3.4.6　VR光圈擦除 ......................................................................................80

 3.4.7　VR渐变擦除 ......................................................................................86

 3.4.8　VR光线 ..........................................................................................93

 3.4.9　VR漏光 ..........................................................................................97

 3.4.10　VR球形模糊 .....................................................................................103

 3.4.11　VR色度泄露 .....................................................................................107

 3.4.12　VR随机块 .......................................................................................113

 3.4.13　VR默比乌斯缩放 .................................................................................118

3.5　VR影像字幕制作 ...........................................................................................123

 3.5.1　球形字幕制作方法 ................................................................................123

 3.5.2　在Photoshop中制作字幕图 .........................................................................130

 3.5.3　在Maya中设置VR虚拟摄像机 ........................................................................137

 3.5.4　使用Arnold渲染导出字幕 ..........................................................................144

 3.5.5　在Premiere中排列字幕 ............................................................................147

 3.5.6　VR字幕过渡 ......................................................................................150

第4章　VR影像特效制作 ...........................................................................................153

4.1　VR影像特效理论基础 .........................................................................................153

4.2　VR影像特效制作软件介绍 ..................................................................................154

 4.2.1　Adobe After Effects CC工作界面介绍 ..............................................................154

 4.2.2　Adobe After Effects CC的系统要求 ..................................................................162

4.3　VR特效项目管理与基本操作 ..............................................................................163

 4.3.1　特效项目新建 ...........................................................................................163

 4.3.2　特效项目合成设置 .....................................................................................165

4.4　沉浸式特效制作 ...............................................................166

 4.4.1　VR模糊 ...............................................................................166

 4.4.2　VR 发光 ..............................................................................169

 4.4.3　VR锐化 .................................................................173

 4.4.4　VR 降噪 .............................................................................176

 4.4.5　VR 色差 .........................................................................................180

 4.4.6　VR旋转球面 ..............................................................184

4.5　沉浸式特效制作案例 ............................................................188

 4.5.1　VR局部模糊 ...................................................................................188

 4.5.2　VR闪动勾边效果 .......................................................................192

4.6　作品渲染与输出 ...........................................................................194

第5章　VR影像监看与合成 ........................................................199

5.1　VR影像实时头盔式预览 .............................................................199

5.2　VR影像实时预览调整 ........................................................204

5.3　VR影像全景六画面实时监看 ........................................................209

5.4　使用Pano2VR合成VR影像 ........................................................213

参考文献 ......................................................................................219

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