Materials Introduction (材料导论）

探索材料世界，从此开始，材料导论带你观其发展时间轴，学其原理，重其应用，展望材料领域未来。

《Materials Introduction（材料导论）》共分为两部分：第一部分分别介绍了金属材料、陶瓷材料、水泥混凝土材料、高分子材料、复合材料、半导体材料、能源材料的基本结构特征、性能、用途、合成制造和加工方法；第二部分为各种材料的实验操作内容。本书不仅详述材料科学基础理论，同时兼顾材料工程生产实践，注重理论与生产生活实践相结合，提高读者的知识面及阅读兴趣。
《Materials Introduction（材料导论）》可供从事材料科学与工程方面的科研人员、生产技术人员等参考阅读。

王者辉，泰山医学院，副教授， 自2004年以来，长期从事高分子材料专业的本、专科的教学，教授的课程主要有材料导论、专业英语、聚合物改性、涂料化学、光化学与光物理、波谱分析、聚合物加工流变学、高分子材料概论等。科研方向为医用高分子材料、高分子界面。

Part 1 Materials Introduction
Chapter 1 Metals 2
1．1 What are Metals? 2
1．2 Historical Timeline of Metals 3
1．3 Future Trends 4
1．4 Scientific Principles 4
1．4．1 Structure of Metals 4
1．4．2 Mechanical Properties 7
1．4．3 Processing 8
1．4．4 Alloys 9
1．4．5 Corrosion 10
1．4．6 Metal Ores 11
1．4．7 Summary 12
Review Questions 13
Answers to Review Questions 13
References 14
Glossary 14
Chapter 2 Ceramics 17
2．1 What Are Ceramics? 17
2．2 Historical Timeline of Ceramics 19
2．3 Future Trends 20
2．4 Scientific Principles 21
2．4．1 Introduction 21
2．4．2 Atomic Bonding 21
2．4．3 Classification 21
2．4．4 Thermal Properties 22
2．4．5 Optical Properties 24
2．4．6 Mechanical Properties 26
2．4．7 Electrical Properties 28
2．4．8 Ceramic Processing 30
2．4．9 Summary 33
Review Questions 33
Answers to Review Questions 34
References 34
Glossary 35
Chapter 3 Concrete 38
3．1 What is Concrete? 38
3．2 The Historical Timeline of Concrete 39
3．3 Future Trends 40
3．4 Scientific Principles 41
3．4．1 What is in This Stuff? 41
3．4．2 Concrete Production 43
3．4．3 Properties of Concrete 47
3．4．4 Concrete Degradation 51
3．4．5 Summary 51
Review Questions 52
Answers to Review Questions 53
References 54
Glossary 54
Chapter 4 Polymers 56
4．1 What are Polymers? 56
4．2 Historical Timeline of Polymers 57
4．3 Future Trends 58
4．4 Scientific Principles 58
4．4．1 Polymerization Reactions 59
4．4．2 Polymer Chemical Structure 60
4．4．3 Polymer Physical Structure 61
4．4．4 Members of the Polymer Family 62
4．4．5 Polymer Processing 62
4．4．6 Recycling 64
4．4．7 Summary 68
Review Questions 68
Answers to Review Questions 69
References 70
Glossary 70
Abbreviations 71
Chapter 5 Composite Materials 72
5．1 What are Composite Materials? 72
5．2 Historical Timeline of Composite Materials 73
5．3 Future Trends 74
5．4 Scientific Principles 75
5．4．1 Get to Know of Composite Materials 75
5．4．2 Products of Composite Materials 76
5．4．3 Constituents of Composite Materials 77
5．4．4 Fabrication Methods 78
5．4．5 Finishing Methods 81
5．4．6 Tooling 81
5．4．7 Physical Properties 81
5．4．8 Summary 82
Review Questions 83
Answers to Review Questions 83
References 84
Glossary 84
Abbreviations 86
Chapter 6 Semiconductors 88
6．1 What are Semiconductors? 88
6．2 Historical Timeline of Semiconductors 89
6．3 Future Trends 90
6．4 Scientific Principles 91
6．4．1 Conductors， Insulators， and Semiconductors 91
6．4．2 Research and Application 95
6．4．3 Properties and Processing of Electronic Materials 96
6．4．4 Summary 99
Review Questions 100
Answers to Review Questions 101
References 102
Glossary 103
Chapter 7 Energy 106
7．1 What is Energy? 107
7．2 Historical Timeline of Energy 107
7．3 Future Trends 108
7．4 Scientific Principles 109
7．4．1 Basic Energy Principles 109
7．4．2 Fossil Fuels 113
7．4．3 Renewable Energy Sources 120
7．4．4 Nuclear Energy 125
7．4．5 Summary 133
Review Questions 133
Answers to Review Questions 135
References 135
Glossary 136
Part 2 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations
Chapter 8 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Metals 142
8．1 Laboratory Activities 142
Experiment 1 Crystal Packing 142
Experiment 2 A Particle Model of Metals： Atomic Bb’s 143
Experiment 3 Processing Metals： Making Metals Strong 145
Experiment 4 Tensile Strength Test： Stretching Wires 147
Experiment 5 Forming Brass from Zinc and Copper： “Gold” Penny Lab 149
Experiment 6 Activity Series： Which one Reacts? 151
Experiment 7 Corrosion of Iron： Rust! 153
Experiment 8 Oxidation of a Metal： Chemical Hand Warmer 156
8．2 Demonstrations 157
Demonstration 1 Phase Transition of High Carbon Steel 157
Demonstration 2 Removal of Zinc from Pennies： Floating Pennies 159
Demonstration 3 Corrosion of Iron： Test Tube Geology 160
Chapter 9 Laboratory Activities of Ceramics 163
Experiment 1 Clay Labs： Ready-Beam-Fire 163
Experiment 2 Flocculation in Ceramics 167
Experiment 3 Glass Labs： Wow You Can See Right Through Me! 168
Experiment 4 Electrical Resistance in a Glass Bulb 173
Experiment 5 Fiber Optics Labs： Light at the End of the Tunnel 173
Chapter 10 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Concrete 176
10．1 Laboratory Activities 176
Experiment 1 Physical Properties： What’s the Matter? 176
Experiment 2 Concrete Density and Aggregates： How Dense Is It? 178
Experiment 3 Cement Hydration and pH Evolution： Hot and Cold 180
Experiment 4 A Design Project： The Fleet Afloat! 183
Experiment 5 Stress and Strain 186
Experiment 6 Make and Take 192
10．2 Demonstrations 193
Demonstration 1 Making a Silt Test 193
Demonstration 2 Conducting an Organic Matter Test 193
Demonstration 3 Effect of Aggregate on Workability of Concrete 194
Demonstration 4 It’s Heating Up! 195
Demonstration 5 pH of Cement 196
Chapter 11 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Ploymers 199
11．1 Laboratory Activities 199
Experiment 1 Crunch and Munch Lab 199
Experiment 2 Slime Away 202
Experiment 3 A Silly Polymer 205
Experiment 4 Don’t Throw it in the Garbage 208
Experiment 5 Plastics the Second Time Around 211
11．2 Demonstrations 215
Demonstration 1 Let’s Make an Addition Polymer 215
Demonstration 2 Introduction to the New Chain Gang 217
Demonstration 3 The Formation of the Wonder Polymer 218
Chapter 12 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Composite Materials 220
12．1 Laboratory Activities 220
Experiment 1 Composite Column Design/Test Lab 220
Experiment 2 Composite Materials Structure 223
12．2 Demonstrations 229
Demonstration 1 Snow Ski 229
Demonstration 2 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) in a Race Car 230
Chapter 13 Laboratory Activities of Semiconductors 232
Experiment 1 Electronic Familiarity 232
Experiment 2 Hot and Cold 234
Experiment 3 Let There Be Light 238
Experiment 4 What is Ohmic? 242
Experiment 5 Alternating to Direct 246
Experiment 6 Working with LED’s 249
Chapter 14 Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Energy 253
14．1 Laboratory Activities 253
Experiment 1 Great Chemistry! 253
Experiment 2 Heating It Up! 257
Experiment 3 Half-Life： The Energizer Bunny Effect 260
Experiment 4 Nature’s Kitchen ——Solar Box Cooker 262
14．2 Demonstrations 265
Demonstration 1 Potential to Kinetic Energy 265
Demonstration 2 Dipping into Solar Ponds 267
Demonstration 3 Nuclear Mice 269
Appendix： Unit Conversion Tables